{"id":182,"date":"2018-11-25T15:54:45","date_gmt":"2018-11-25T14:54:45","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/odsfm.com\/?page_id=182"},"modified":"2025-12-29T02:44:40","modified_gmt":"2025-12-29T02:44:40","slug":"entomology","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/odsfm.com\/en\/entomology\/","title":{"rendered":"Entomology"},"content":{"rendered":"<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/odsfm.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/PNG_insects-1.pdf\">Insect Collection of Bulolo University College, Papua New Guinea<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.odsfm.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/CDBinatang\/index.html\">Binatang \u2013 A Pictorial Catalogue of Papua New Guinea\u2019s Insects; Interactive CD-ROM<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Michael F. Schneider (1999):<br \/>\n<b>ENTOMOLOGY &#8211; A Textbook for Students, Agriculturalists and Foresters in Papua New Guinea<\/b>; Bulolo University College; Training Manual No 19; ISBN 9980-85-259-3; 312 pp., 11 colour plates<\/p>\n<p><b>Features of this book:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>the first Entomology book produced for PNG<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-196 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/odsfm.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/a_coversh.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"237\" height=\"319\" \/><\/li>\n<li>addresses students as well as professionals of science, agriculture and forestry<\/li>\n<li>most examples taken from PNG\u2019s insect fauna<\/li>\n<li>more than 60 pages on insect orders<\/li>\n<li>includes eleven colour plates<\/li>\n<li>more than 220 figures illustrating the text<\/li>\n<li>further reading suggestions for each chapter<\/li>\n<li>includes about 350 references<\/li>\n<li>more than 1,200 terms explained in the glossary<\/li>\n<li>cross-references and index included for the convenience of the reader<\/li>\n<li>comprehensive list of forest insect pests of PNG<\/li>\n<li>includes appropriate, low-ecological impact control measures for forest insect pests<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>pdf-files of this book can be viewed (downloads between 200 KB and 1 MB)<\/b><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/odsfm.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/preface.pdf\"><b>Table of Contents<br \/>\nPreface IV<br \/>\nAcknowledgements VI<br \/>\nRemarks on Scientific Names and Terms VIII<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/odsfm.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/chapter1.pdf\"><b>1. Introduction<br \/>\n<\/b>1.1 Insect Diversity 2<br \/>\n1.2 Insects and Humans 3<br \/>\n1.3 Insect Trade and Conservation 5<br \/>\n1.4 Biogeography of Insects 7<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/odsfm.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/chapter2.pdf\"><b>2. Structure and Function<br \/>\n<\/b>2.1 External Anatomy 10<br \/>\n2.1.1 Integument and Exoskeleton 11<br \/>\n2.1.2 Head 11<br \/>\n2.1.2.1 Antennae 12<br \/>\n2.1.2.2 Mouthparts 12<br \/>\n2.1.3 Thorax 16<br \/>\n2.1.3.1 Legs 17<br \/>\n2.1.3.2 Wings 18<br \/>\n2.1.4 Abdomen 18<br \/>\n2.2 Internal Anatomy and Life Processes 19<br \/>\n2.2.1 Digestion and Excretion 19<br \/>\n2.2.2 Circulatory System 20<br \/>\n2.2.3 Gas Exchange 20<br \/>\n2.2.4 Nervous System 21<br \/>\n2.2.5 Endo- and Exocrine System 22<br \/>\n2.2.6 Sense Organs 23<br \/>\n2.2.7 Locomotion 24<br \/>\n2.2.8 Reproduction 25<br \/>\n2.2.9 Development 27<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/odsfm.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/chapter3.pdf\"><b>3. Response and Behaviour<br \/>\n<\/b>3.1 Communication 36<br \/>\n3.1.1 Auditory Communication 36<br \/>\n3.1.2 Visual Communication 38<br \/>\n3.1.3 Chemical Communication 38<br \/>\n3.1.4 Tactile Communication 39<br \/>\n3.2 Insect Societies 40<br \/>\n3.2.1 Termites 41<br \/>\n3.2.2 Bees 44<br \/>\n3.2.3 Ants 47<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/odsfm.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/chapter4.pdf\"><b>4. Insects and Ecology<br \/>\n<\/b>4.1 Food Chain and Materials Triangle 52<br \/>\n4.2 Insect-Plant Interactions 53<br \/>\n4.2.1 Herbivory 53<br \/>\n4.2.2 Pollination by Insects 54<br \/>\n4.2.3 Seed Dispersal by Insects 55<br \/>\n4.2.4 Other Symbiotic Interactions 56<br \/>\n4.3 Interactions between Insects and other Animals 57<br \/>\n4.3 1 Predation 58<br \/>\n4.3.2 Parasitism 59<br \/>\n4.4 Insect Defence 60<br \/>\n4.4 1 Protective Colour Patterns 61<br \/>\n4.4.2 Morphological Defence 61<br \/>\n4.4.3 Behavioural Defence 62<br \/>\n4.4.4 Chemical Defence 62<br \/>\n4.4.5 Mimicry 64<br \/>\n4.5 Interactions between Insects and Microorganisms 65<br \/>\n4.6 Insects as Decomposers 65<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/odsfm.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/chapt5-1.pdf\"><b>5. Evolution and Classification<br \/>\n<\/b>5.1 Phylogeny of Insects 78<br \/>\n5.2 Fossil History 79<br \/>\n5.3 Taxonomy and Classification 79<br \/>\n5.4 Identification of Specimens 81<br \/>\n5.5 Synopsis of the Animal Phylum Arthropoda 81<br \/>\n5.5.1 Subphylum Chelicerata 82<br \/>\n5.5.1.1 Order Araneae (True Spiders) 82<br \/>\n5.5.1.2 Order Acari (Acarina: Mites, Ticks) 83<br \/>\n5.5.1.3 Order Opiliones (Harvestmen) 86<br \/>\n5.5.1.4 Order Scopriones (Scorpions) 86<br \/>\n5.5.1.5 Order Pseudoscorpiones (Pseudoscorpions) 87<br \/>\n5.5.1.6 Order Pedipalpi 87<br \/>\n5.5.2 Subphylum Mandibulata 87<br \/>\n5.5.2.1 Class Chilopoda (Centipedes) 87<br \/>\n5.5.2.2 Class Progoneata (Millipedes) 87<br \/>\n5.5.2.3 Class Entognatha 88<br \/>\n5.5.2.4 Class Insecta (Insects) 89<br \/>\n5.6 The Insect Orders 90<br \/>\n5.6.1 Simple Key to Insect Orders 90<br \/>\n5.6.2 Synopsis of Insect Orders 92<br \/>\n5.6.3 Outline of Insect Orders 92<br \/>\n5.6.3.1 Archaeognatha (Bristletails) 92<br \/>\n5.6.3.2 Thysanura (Silverfish, Firebrats) 93<br \/>\n5.6.3.3 Ephemeroptera (Mayflies) 93<br \/>\n5.6.3.4 Odonata (Damselflies and Dragonflies) 94<br \/>\n5.6.3.5 Plecoptera (Stoneflies) 94<br \/>\n5.6.3.6 Blattodea (Cockroaches) 95<br \/>\n5.6.3.7 Isoptera (Termites) 96<br \/>\n5.6.3.8 Mantodea (Praying Mantids) 97<br \/>\n5.6.3.9 Grylloblattodea (Ice Crawlers) 97<br \/>\n5.6.3.10 Dermaptera (Earwigs) 98<br \/>\n5.6.3.11 Orthoptera (Crickets, Katydids, Grasshoppers and Locusts) 98<br \/>\n5.6.3.12 Phasmatodea (Stick and Leaf Insects) 100<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/odsfm.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/chapt5-2.pdf\">5.6.3.13 Embioptera (Web- or Footspinners) 101<br \/>\n5.6.3.14 Psocoptera (Booklice, Barklice; Psocids) 101<br \/>\n5.6.3.15 Zoraptera 102<br \/>\n5.6.3.16 Phthiraptera (Lice) 102<br \/>\n5.6.3.17 Hemiptera (Aphids, Leafhoppers, Scale Insects, Lerps, Cicadas, True Bugs, etc.) 103<br \/>\n5.6.3.18 Thysanoptera (Thrips) 109<br \/>\n5.6.3.19 Megaloptera (Alderflies and Dobsonflies) 110<br \/>\n5.6.3.20 Raphidioptera (Snake-Flies, Camelneck-Flies) 110<br \/>\n5.6.3.21 Neuroptera (Lacewings and Antlions) 111<br \/>\n5.6.3.22 Lentilburgeroptera 112<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/odsfm.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/chapt5-3.pdf\">5.6.3.23 Coleoptera (Beetles) 112<br \/>\n5.6.3.24 Strepsiptera (Stylops) 122<br \/>\n5.6.3.25 Mecoptera (Scorpion Flies, Hanging Flies) 123<br \/>\n5.6.3.25 Siphonaptera (Fleas) 123<br \/>\n5.6.3.26 Diptera (True Flies, Midges, Mosquitoes, Crane Flies, Sandflies, Gnats, Punkies) 124<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/odsfm.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/chapt5-4.pdf\">5.6.3.27 Trichoptera (Caddis Flies) 132<br \/>\n5.6.3.28 Lepidoptera (Butterflies and Moths) 133<br \/>\n5.6.3.29 Hymenoptera (Sawflies, Wasps, Bees and Ants) 147<br \/>\n5.6.4 Literature on the Identification of Insects 154<\/a><\/p>\n<p><b><a href=\"https:\/\/odsfm.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/plates1.pdf\">Color Plates 1 &#8211; 6<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/odsfm.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/plates2.pdf\">Color Plates 7 &#8211; 11<\/a><\/b><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/odsfm.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/chapt6-1.pdf\"><b>6. Forest Insect Pests and their Signs<br \/>\n<\/b>6.1 Insect Damage and Sign Categories 159<br \/>\n6.1.1 Leaf Damage 159<br \/>\n6.1.2 Seed and Cone Damage 160<br \/>\n6.1.3 Shoot, Twig, Trunk and Root Damage 161<br \/>\n6.1.4 Insect Signs 162<br \/>\n6.2 Common Forest Insect Pests of Papua New Guinea 162<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/odsfm.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/chapt6-2.pdf\">6.2.1 Termite Pests 174<br \/>\n6.2.2 Orthopteran Pests 182<br \/>\n6.2.3 Hemipteran Pests 182<br \/>\n6.2.4 Dipteran Pests 184<br \/>\n6.2.5 Coleopteran Pests. 184<br \/>\n6.2.6 Lepidopteran Pests 192<br \/>\n6.2.7 Hymenopteran Pests 197<br \/>\n6.3 Forest Insect Pests of other South Pacific Countries 198<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/odsfm.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/chapter7.pdf\"><b>7. Assessment of Insect Populations<\/b><br \/>\n7.1 Monitoring Strategies 202<br \/>\n7.1.1 Sampling Techniques 203<br \/>\n7.1.2 Absolute Methods 203<br \/>\n7.1.3 Relative Methods 204<br \/>\n7.1.4 Direct and Indirect Assessment 204<br \/>\n7.1.5 Damage Assessment 205<br \/>\n7.2 Collection and Trapping Methods 206<br \/>\n7.3 Collection and Preservation of Insect Specimens for Identification 211<br \/>\n7.3.1 Collection of Insect Specimens 211<br \/>\n7.3.2 Rearing of Immature Insects 212<br \/>\n7.3.3 Killing Methods 212<br \/>\n7.3.4 Labelling of Specimens 213<br \/>\n7.3.5 Wet Preservation of Specimens 213<br \/>\n7.3.6 Dry Preservation of Specimens 214<br \/>\n7.3.7 Transport of Insect Specimens 216<br \/>\n7.3.8 Storage of Dried Insect Specimens 216<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/odsfm.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/chapter8.pdf\"><b>8. Insect Pest Management<\/b><br \/>\n8.1 Insects as Pests 220<br \/>\n8.2 Prevention or Cure? 222<br \/>\n8.2.1 Preventive Measures in Forestry 222<br \/>\n8.2.2 Available Curative Measures 224<br \/>\n8.3 Quarantine 224<br \/>\n8.4 Plant Resistance 225<br \/>\n8.5 Cultural Methods 226<br \/>\n8.6 Mechanical and Physical Methods 226<br \/>\n8.7 Biological Methods 227<br \/>\n8.7.1 Entomopathogens 230<br \/>\n8.7.2 Predators and Parasites 232<br \/>\n8.7.3 Plant-derived Insecticides 236<br \/>\n8.8 Chemical Methods 239<br \/>\n8.8.1 Insecticide Classes 239<br \/>\n8.8.2 Some Important Facts about Chemical Insecticides 241<br \/>\n8.8.3 Safe Use of Insecticides 244<br \/>\n8.8.4 Calculation of Concentration 245<br \/>\n8.8.5 Pesticide Legislation 245<br \/>\n8.8.6 Application of Insecticides 248<br \/>\n8.9 Integrated Pest Management (IPM) 252<\/a><\/p>\n<p><b><a href=\"https:\/\/odsfm.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/chapter9.pdf\">References 255<br \/>\nGlossary 265<br \/>\nAddresses 290<br \/>\nAbbreviations 291<br \/>\nQuestions for Self-ASSESSMENT 292<br \/>\nIndex 294<\/a><\/b><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/odsfm.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Errata.pdf\"><b>Errata<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Insect Collection of Bulolo University College, Papua New Guinea Binatang \u2013 A Pictorial Catalogue of Papua New Guinea\u2019s Insects; Interactive CD-ROM Michael F. Schneider (1999): ENTOMOLOGY &#8211; A Textbook for Students, Agriculturalists and Foresters in Papua New Guinea; Bulolo University College; Training Manual No 19; ISBN 9980-85-259-3; 312 pp., 11 colour plates Features of this<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-182","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/odsfm.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/182","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/odsfm.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/odsfm.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/odsfm.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/odsfm.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=182"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/odsfm.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/182\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2885,"href":"https:\/\/odsfm.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/182\/revisions\/2885"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/odsfm.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=182"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}